Diseases Treatment

Obstructions

The most common abnormalities involving the infections of urinary tract, and the most important from the point of view of kidney damage, are obstructions. Obstructions can occur in the area where the urine-collecting pelvis of the kidney merges with the narrow ureter, or they may occur anywhere along the ureter. For example, a stone or congenital stricture may obstruct the ureter any­where along its course. Or obstruction can occur within the bladder from a tumor which blocks the openings of both ureters into the bladder, or it can occur at the bladder neck from congenital lesions, tumors, stones, or strictures.

Obstruction anywhere along the line causes urine to back up, as a river backs up behind a dam. Back pressure produces hydronephrosis, a swelling of the kidney pelvis, and the ureter becomes distended and swollen above the level of obstruction. Hydraulic pressure squeezes kidney tissue which begins to atrophy. Functioning capacity is gradually lost and the inflated kidney is at risk of becoming totally useless. When destruction of any nature is discovered, it must be removed by appropriate therapy to prevent irreparable harm.
Ureters

Injuries which tear, puncture, or otherwise disrupt a ureter permit urine to seep into surrounding tissues like water from a burst pipe. Repair is surgical. Strictures and stones may cause obstruction. Tumors may produce obstruction and gross bleeding into the bladder. The most important single difference between lesions of the ureter and the kidney itself is that ureteral obstruction invariably produces pain, but lesions of the kidney frequently do not. The pain warning generally leads to early diagnosis and removal of an obstruction which can do untold harm to the kidney above it.

Cancer of the Bladder

It is extremely important that persons who have any difficulty or abnormality of urination be carefully examined to ascertain whether any lesions are present in the bladder.

Cancer of the bladder is one of the most common in this country. It is almost as common as cancer of the lungs, although it has not received as much publicity. At the University Hospitals in Iowa City, more than 75 new patients with cancer of the bladder are seen yearly.

The most common evidence of cancer of the bladder is grossly bloody urine, but frequency of urination and cloudy urine may also be important symptoms. When detected early, the outlook is good, when late, poor. Treatment consists of destruction of the tumor by a combination of surgical removal and irradiation therapy. Small tumors may be removed through the urethra with an instrument called the resectoscope. Larger lesions require more radical sur

Tagged under:burst pipe, cancer of the bladder, irreparable harm, kidney damage, kidney pelvis, kidney tissue tumors

What is this condition?

Uveitis is an inflammation of one uveal tract of the eye. (The uveal tract consists of the iris, choroid, and related tissue structures.) The disorder occurs as anterior uveitis, which affects the iris (iritis) or both the iris and the ciliary body (iridocyclitis); as posterior uveitis, which affects the choroid (choroiditis) or both the choroid and the retina (chorioretinitis); or as panuveitis, which affects the entire uveal tract.

Untreated anterior uveitis progresses to posterior uveitis, causing scarring, cataracts, and glaucoma. With immediate treatment, anterior uveitis usually subsides after a few days to several weeks; however, recurrence is likely. Posterior uveitis generally causes some residual vision loss and markedly blurred vision.
What causes it?

In most cases, the cause of uveitis is unknown. But it can result from allergy, bacteria, viruses, fungi, chemicals, traumatic injury, surgery, or systemic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and toxoplasmosis.
What are its symptoms?

Anterior uveitis produces moderate to severe pain in one eye; severe ciliary congestion; sensitivity to light; tearing; a small, nonreactive pupil; and blurred vision. Posterior uveitis begins insidiously, with complaints of slightly decreased or blurred vision or floating spots. Pain and sensitivity to light may also occur.
How is it diagnosed?

In anterior and posterior uveitis, a slit-lamp exam shows a “flare and cell” pattern, which looks like light passing through smoke. It also shows an increased number of cells over the inflamed area. With a special lens, the doctor can also use slit-lamp and ophthalmoscopic exams to identifY active inflammatory fundus lesions involving the retina or choroid.

In posterior uveitis, serologic tests can reveal if toxoplasmosis is the cause.
How is it Treated?

Uveitis requires vigorous and prompt management, which includes treatment of any known underlying cause and application of eye­drops or ointment, such as 1 % Atropisol or steroids. For severe uveitis, therapy includes oral steroids. However, long-term steroid therapy can cause increased intraocular pressure and increased risk of cataracts.

Tagged under:eye­drops ointment

What is this condition?

Postmenopausal bleeding is defined as bleeding from the reproductive tract that occurs 1 year or more after menstrual periods stop. Sites of bleeding include the vulva, vagina, cervix, and endometrium. Prognosis varies with the cause.
What causes it?

Postmenopausal bleeding may result from:

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estrogen therapy - when excessive amounts are given or when small amounts are given in the presence of a hypersensitive endometrium.
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internal estrogen production - especially when levels are high, as in persons with estrogen-producing ovarian tumors; however, in some persons, even slight fluctuation in estrogen levels may cause bleeding.
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atrophic endometrium - due to low estrogen levels.
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atrophic vaginitis - usually triggered by trauma during intercourse when estrogen is lacking.
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aging- which weakens blood vessels, produces degenerative tissue changes, and decreases resistance to infections.
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adenomatous hyperplasia or atypical adenomatous hyperplasia­ usually considered a premalignant lesion.

What are its symptoms?

Vaginal bleeding, the predominant symptom, ranges from spotting to outright hemorrhage; its duration also varies. Other symptoms depend on the cause. Excessive estrogen stimulation, for example, may also produce copious cervical mucus; estrogen deficiency may cause the vaginal mucosa to shrink.
How is it diagnosed?

The doctor will perform a physical exam (including a pelvic exam), obtain a detailed history, and order standard lab tests (such as complete blood count) and a cytologic exam of tissue specimens from the cervix and the endocervical canal. An endometrial biopsy or dilation and curettage reveals evidence of disease in the endometrium.

Diagnosis must rule out any underlying disease. For instance, evidence of elevated levels of endogenous estrogen may suggest an ovarian tumor. Before testing for estrogen levels, the woman must stop all sources of estrogen intake - including face and body creams that contain estrogen - to rule out excessive estrogen as a cause.
How is it treated?

Emergency treatment to control massive bleeding is rarely necessary, except in advanced cancer. Treatment may include dilation and curettage to relieve bleeding. Other therapy varies according to the underlying cause. Estrogen creams and suppositories are usually effective in correcting estrogen deficiency because they’re rapidly absorbed. Hysterectomy is indicated for repeated episodes of postmenopausal bleeding from the endometrial cavity. Such bleeding may indicate endometrial cancer.

Gonorrhea

Guillain Barre Syndrome

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Herpangina

Herpes Zoster

Hookworm Disease

Inclusion Conjunctivitis

Influenza

Labyrinthitis

Lassa Fever

Leprosy

Listeriosis

Liver Abscess

Lung Abscess

Lyme Disease

Malaria

Mastoiditis

Meningitis

Meningococcal Infections

Microsporidiosis

Molluscum Contagiosum

Mononucleosis

MRSA Infection

Mucormycosis

Mumps

Myelitis

Myocarditis

Myringitis

Nonviral Hepatitis

Pancreatitis

Rabies

Reiters Syndrome

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Scabies

Scarlet Fever

Schistosomiasis

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

Strongyloidiasis

Taeniasis

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Tuberculosis

Viral Hepatitis

Tagged under:estrogen production, low estrogen levels, menstrual periods, tissue changes, tissue specimens vaginal mucosa

What are these conditions?

Vascular retinopathies are eye conditions that result from poor blood supply to the eyes. The five types of vascular retinopathy are cental retinal vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, sickle cell retinopathy, and central retinal artery occlusion.
What causes them?

When one of the arteries that supplies blood to the retina become, blocked, blood flow diminishes. This damages the eye and causes vision problems.

Causes of central retinal vein occlusion include external compression of the retinal vein, injury, diabetes, blood clots, granulomatous diseases, infections, glaucoma, and atherosclerosis. This form of vascular retinopathy is most prevalent in elderly people.

Diabetic retinopathy results from juvenile or adult diabetes. Micro­circulatory changes occur more rapidly when diabetes is poorly controlled. About 75% of people with juvenile diabetes develop retinopathy within 20 years of the disease’s onset. In adults with diabetes, incidence increases with the duration of diabetes. This condition is a leading cause of acquired adult blindness.

Hypertensive retinopathy results from prolonged high blood pressure, producing retinal vasospasm and consequent damage and narrowing of retinal blood vessels.

Sickle cell retinopathy results from the impaired ability of sickled cells to pass through the tiny capillary blood vessels, producing obstructions. This results in microaneurysms, chorioretinal tissue death, and retinal detachment.

Central retinal artery occlusion may have an unknown cause or may result from embolism, atherosclerosis, infection, or conditions that slow the blood flow, such as temporal arteritis, a narrowed carotid artery, and heart failure. This rare type of retinopathy occurs in one eye and affects elderly people.
What are their symptoms?

Central retinal vein occlusion reduces vision, allowing perception of only hand movement and light. This condition is painless, except when it results in secondary neovascular glaucoma (uncontrolled proliferation of weak blood vessels). The prognosis is poor - 5 % to 20% of people with this type of vascular retinopathy develop secondary glaucoma within 4 months.

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy produces changes in the lining of the retinal blood vessels that cause the vessels to leak plasma or fatty substances, which decrease or block blood flow within the retina. This disorder may also produce microaneurysms and small hemorrhages. Although some people with nonproliferative retinopathy lack symptoms, others have significant loss of central visual acuity (necessary for reading and driving) and diminished night vision.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy causes fragile new blood vessels on the disk and elsewhere. These vessels can grow into the vitreous and then rupture, causing sudden vision loss. Scar tissue that may form along the new blood vessels can pull on the retina, causing macular distortion and even retinal detachment.

Symptoms of hypertensive retinopathy depend on the location of retinopathy. For example, mild visual disturbances, such as blurred vision, result from retinopathy located near the macula (a spot near the center of the retina concerned with visual acuity). Without treatment, 50% of people become blind within 5 years. With treatment, the prognosis varies with the severity of the disorder. Severe, prolonged disease eventually causes blindness; mild, prolonged disease causes visual defects.

Central retinal artery occlusion causes sudden, painless vision loss (partial or complete) in one eye. This condition typically causes permanent blindness. However, some people experience spontaneous resolution within hours and regain partial vision.
How are they diagnosed?

Appropriate diagnostic tests depend on the type of vascular retinopathy. Evaluation includes determination of visual acuity and ophthalmoscopic examination.
How Vascular Retinopathies are treated?
Vascular Retinopathies teatment approaches depend on the type of retinopathy. Therapy for central retinal vein occlusion may include aspirin, which acts as a mild anticoagulant. Laser photocoagulation can reduce the risk of glaucoma for some people.

Treatment of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy is prophylactic.

Careful control of blood sugar levels during the first 5 years of the disease may delay its onset or reduce its severity. For people with early symptoms of microaneurysms, therapy includes frequent eye exams (3 to 4 times a year) to monitor their condition. For children with diabetes, therapy includes an annual eye exam by an ophthalmologist.

The best treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy is laser photocoagulation, which cauterizes the leaking blood vessels. Despite treatment, neovascularization doesn’t always regress and vitreous hemorrhage, with or without retinal detachment, may follow. If the blood isn’t absorbed in 3 to 6 months, vitrectomy may restore partial vision.

Treatment of hypertensive retinopathy includes control of blood pressure with appropriate drugs, diet, and exercise.

No particular treatment has been shown to control central retinal artery occlusion. To lower intraocular pressure, therapy includes Diamox, eyeball massage and, possibly, anterior chamber paracentesis. Another treatment, inhalation of carbogen (95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide), improves retinal oxygenation.

Tagged under:cental retinal vein occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive, retinopathy vascular

The term is quite simple. Renal Insufficiency means that the kidneys are unable to filter all the wastes and poisons from the blood. Thus, various amounts of toxic materials remain harmfully in the body. If the kidneys fail completely, death results in a few days, from uremia “uremic poisoning “. This ia a damming-up of toxins which is fatal unless corrected.

There are degrees of uremia. Early symptoms are headache, loginess, itching, muscle discomfort, with or followed by nausea and vomiting. The patient becomes drowsy, perhaps has convulsions, and lapses into coma and death.

Insufficiency is relative to the capabilities of a particular pair of kidneys. Insufficiency may result from some acute, repairable condition, or from gradual and irreversible damage and destruction of kidney tissue over a period of years. A major purpose of good urological care is to prevent insidious kidney injury and whenever possible to eradicate causes of insufficiency by such measures as clearing up infections and removing or by­passing obstructions.

Great advances in treatment of renal insufficiency have been made in recent years. One of the mechanisms artfully employed by the kidneys is dialysis. This is the separation of substances in solution, having different diffusibilities, by passing them through a porous membrane, such as membranes of the kidney filters. Similar filtration can be achieved by techniques of peritoneal dialysis, in which membranes of the abdominal cavity do the work of the diseased kidneys temporarily. Blood passed through peritoneal membranes is cleansed and returned to the body. The technique has proved very successful in treatment. Absorptive resins placed in the gastrointestinal tract are useful adjuncts.

Tagged under:headache, itching, loginess muscle discomfort

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Tagged under:muscle gaining advantage., teeth whitening various supplements

What is this condition?

Volvulus is a 180-degree or more twist of the intestine. The twist pinches blood vessels and cuts off the blood supply to that section of the bowel.

What causes it?

The twist may be caused by an unusual curve in the intestine, something swallowed, or an adhesion. In some cases, however, the cause is unknown. The most common site, especially in adults, is the S-shaped section of the intestine before it reaches the rectum. In children, volvulus usually occurs in the small bowel.

What are its symptoms?

The person has vomiting and rapid, marked abdominal distention following the sudden onset of severe abdominal pain. Without immediate treatment, volvulus can lead to strangulation of the twisted bowel loop, loss of blood supply, deterioration, perforation, and fatal peritonitis when the bowel material infects the abdominal cavity.

How is it diagnosed?

The doctor will recognize the person’s description of sudden, severe abdominal pain and can probably feel the bulge of the intestine. Other special tests include the following:

• Abdominal and chest X-rays may show the obstruction and abnormal air-fluid levels in the bowels.
• Barium enema X-ray shows typical volvulus shapes.
• The person’s white blood cell count will be higher than normal.

How is it Treated?

Surgery is recommended for children with midgut volvulus. For adults with lower colon volvulus, the doctor will use a scope to check for packed feces. If possible, the doctor removes the blockage by inserting a scope or a long rectal tube to deflate the bowel.

If volvolus surgery is required and the bowel is distended but healthy, the surgeon will untwist the bowel. If there’s tissue damage, the damaged part will be cut away and the healthy intestine reconnected.

Tagged under:abdominal cavity, abdominal distention, intestine, peritonitis, strangulation, sudden onset white blood cell

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Tagged under:diet pills, health experts, medications, prescriptions weight loss pills

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Tagged under:diet pills, good health, reducing body fat, weight loss pills weight loss products

What do doctors call this condition?

Sinusitis

What is this condition?

Sinus infection refers to infection of the paranasal sinuses - the four pairs of air pockets that drain into the nose. Sinus infection may be acute, subacute, chronic, allergic, or hyperplastic. In this last, the number of sinus cells is abnormally increased.

What causes it?

Sinus infection usually is caused by viral or bacterial infection. Acute sinus infection is primarily caused by the common cold; it lingers in the subacute form in only about 10% of cases. Chronic sinus infection follows persistent bacterial infection.

Predisposing factors for sinus infection include any condition that interferes with sinus drainage and ventilation, such as:

•  chronic nasal swelling

•  a deviated septum

•  thickened mucus

•  nasal polyps

• allergic inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes (allergic rhinitis)

• a weakened state from chemotherapy, malnutrition, diabetes, a blood disease, chronic steroid use, or a depressed immune system.

Bacterial sinus invasion commonly is caused by the conditions listed above or after a viral infection. It may also result from swimming in polluted water.

Allergic sinus infection accompanies allergic rhinitis. Hyperplastic sinus infection is a combination of pus-producing acute sinus infection and allergic sinus infection or allergic rhinitis.

What are its symptoms?

Symptoms vary depending on the type of sinus infection.

Acute sinus infection

The main symptom of this type of sinus infection is a stuffy nose, followed by gradually increasing pressure in the affected sinus. For 24 to 48 hours after symptoms first appear, the person may have a runny nose. Later, the nasal discharge contains pus. Other symptoms include an overall ill feeling, sore throat, headache, and slight feye (temperature of 99° to 99.5° F [37.2° to 37.5° C]). Pain location depends on the affected sinus, but may occur over the cheeks and upper teeth, over the eyes, over the eyebrows, or behind the eyes.

Subacute sinus infection

In this type of sinus infection, pus-filled nasal drainage lasts longer than 3 weeks after an acute infection subsides. Other symptoms include stuffy nose, vague facial discomfort, fatigue, and a nonproductive cough.

Chronic sinus infection

Symptoms of chronic sinus infection resemble those of acute sinus infection, except that the chronic form causes continuous mucusand pus-filled discharge.

Allergic sinus infection

The major symptoms of this type of infection are sneezing, a headache in the front of the head, watery nasal discharge, and a stuffy, burning, itchy nose.

Hyperplastic sinus infection

This type of infection causes a chronically stuffy nose and headache.

How is it diagnosed?

To diagnose sinus infection, the doctor examines the inside of the persons nose. The doctor may also take sinus X-rays, perform a sinus puncture (rare), or order ultrasound or a computed tomography scan (commonly called a CAT scan).

How is it Treated?

The doctor may try a variety of treatments, depending on the type of sinus infection.

Acute sinus infection

Usually, the doctor prescribes local decongestants before trying oral decongestants and may also recommend inhaling steam. To combat pus­producing or persistent infection, [he doctor will prescribe antibiotics, usually for 2 to 3 weeks, because sinus infection is deep seated. Applying heat to the sinus area may also help relieve pain and congestion.

Subacute sinus infection

In subacute sinus infection, antibiotics and decongestants may be helpful.

Allergic sinus infection

To treat allergic sinus infection, the doctor must also treat allergic rhinitis. Typically, the doctor prescribes antihistamines, orders skin testing to identify the cause of allergy, and may prescribe immunotherapy, which desensitizes the person to the offending allergens bv administering them in increasingly large doses. Severe allergic symptoms may call for steroids and epinephrine.

Chronic and hyperplastic sinus infection

In both these types of infection, the doctor may prescribe antihistamines, antibiotics, and a steroid nasal spray to relieve pain and congestion. If irrigation fails to relieve symptoms, sinus surgery may be necessary.

Tagged under:Chronic hyperplastic